Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes

Activities such as household use, agriculture, and industrial processes are causing contamination of freshwater resources on Earth. This contamination poses risks to both aquatic bodies and human health, particularly from organic pollutants and heavy metals. Therefore, efficient treatment methods for industrial wastewater are crucial to address these serious threats. Following the primary and biological treatment steps, commonly used, cost-effective treatment methods include absorption, flocculation, and filtration to remove contaminants from wastewater. Recent advancements in 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide, metal-organic frameworks, and molybdenum disulfide, offer unique structures and superior properties that can address major challenges in water treatment. These atomically thin materials have a large surface area and mechanical strength, making them suitable alternatives for existing desalination and water purification membrane materials. This research aims to explore the synthesis and application of various 2D nanomaterials in the final stage of wastewater treatment and their effectiveness in removing various contaminants from drinking water. The study also considers the commercial viability of 2D nanomaterials for these applications and the challenges that need to be addressed. Additionally, in this project, a water purification plant for the Persian Gulf region in the Salakh area has been designed, and an economic analysis of this type of material has been conducted.